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These 85 newspaper essays, written in support of ratification of the Constitution of 1787 in New York by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, described the proposed plan of national government as a sure foundation for longterm political stability and enlightened legislation. Although having little effect on the ratification debate in New York, the papers soon became classics of political philosophy about the Constitution as the framework of federal government for the American republic.
Industry:History
American radicals accused of passing atomic secrets to the Soviets during World War II. Although the death penalty was not mandatory for their crime, their 1953 execution reflected the national anti communist hysteria.
Industry:History
Passed by the Federalists after they had lost control of Congress in the election of 1800, the act reduced the size of the Supreme Court, created a new set of circuit courts, and increased the number of district court judges. The Jeffersonian Republicans repealed the act in 1801.
Industry:History
The power of the courts to determine the constitutionality of acts of other branches of government and to declare unconstitutional acts null and void.
Industry:History
Soviet premier in the 1930s and 1940s, known for his violent purges of intenal political enemies and his suspicion of Western leaders, an ideology guided by two major German invasions into Russia.
Industry:History
The founder of the Mormon Church, Smith was murdered in Illinois in 1844.
Industry:History
These companies were given the right to develop trade between England and certain geographic regions, such as Russia or India. Investors would pool their capital, in return for shares of stock, to underwrite trading ventures. One such company, the Virginia Company, failed to secure profits for its investors but laid the basis for the first major English colony in the Americas.
Industry:History
This appellation was used to refer to common soldiers serving in Confederate armies during the Civil War. See Billy Yank.
Industry:History
Appointed Chief Justice in 1801, Marshall expanded the Supreme Court's power and prestige and established its power to determine the constitutionality of the acts of other branches of government and to declare unconstitutional acts null and void. He defended the supremacy of the federal government over state governments and held that the Constitution should be. Construed broadly and flexibly.
Industry:History
C. As vice president, Calhoun anonymously expounded the doctrine of nullification, which held that states could prevent the enforcement of a federal law within their boundaries.
Industry:History
