- Отрасли: Economy; Printing & publishing
- Number of terms: 15233
- Number of blossaries: 1
- Company Profile:
Це найпростіша критерієм економічні показники. Якщо одна особа, фірма або країна може виробляти більше про те, що з такою ж кількістю зусиль і ресурсів, вони є абсолютною перевагою над іншими виробниками. Бути кращою на щось не означає, що робити що річ є найкращим способом використовувати ваш дефіцитні ресурси економічний. Питання про те, що спеціалізуються в - і як збільшити вигоди від міжнародної торгівлі – найзручніше рішення відповідно до порівняльних переваг. Абсолютна і порівняльне перевагу може істотно змінюватися протягом часу.
Industry:Economy
A guide to the riskiness of a financial instrument provided by a ratings agency, such as Moody’s, Standard and Poor’s and Fitch IBCA. These measures of credit quality are mostly offered on marketable government and corporate debt. A triple-A or A++ rating represents a low risk of default; a C or D rating an extreme risk of, or actual, default. Debt prices and yields often (but not always) reflect these ratings. A triple-A bond has a low yield. High-yielding bonds, also known as junk bonds, usually have a rating that suggests a high risk of default. A series of financial market crises from the mid-1990s onwards led to growing debate about the reliability of ratings, and whether they were slow to give warning of impending trouble. After the Enron debacle, which again the ratings agencies had failed to predict, some critics argued that the big three agencies had formed a cosy oligopoly and that encouraging more competition was the way to improve ratings.
Industry:Economy
Although economists say that rationing is what the price mechanism does, what most people think of as rationing is an alternative to letting prices determine how scarce economic resources, goods and services are distributed (see also queuing). Non-price rationing is often used when the distribution decided by market forces is perceived to be unfair. Rationing may lead to the creation of a black market, as people sell their rations to those willing to pay a high price (see black economy).
Industry:Economy
An exchange rate that has been adjusted to take account of any difference in the rate of inflation in the two countries whose currency is being exchanged.
Industry:Economy
Broadly speaking, a period of slow or negative economic growth, usually accompanied by rising unemployment. Economists have two more precise definitions of a recession. The first, which can be hard to prove, is when an economy is growing at less than its long-term trend rate of growth and has spare capacity. The second is two consecutive quarters of falling GDP.
Industry:Economy
A way to measure economic success, albeit one that can be manipulated quite easily. It is calculated by expressing the economic gain (usually profit) as a percentage of the capital used to produce it. Deciding what number to use for profit is rarely simple. Likewise, totaling up how much capital was used can be tricky, especially if it is expanded to include intangible assets and human capital. When firms are evaluating a project to decide whether to go ahead with it, they estimate the project’s expected rate of return and compare it with their cost of capital. (See net present value and discount rate. )
Industry:Economy
Using private firms to carry out aspects of government. This has become increasingly popular since the early 1980s as governments have tried to obtain some of the benefits of the private sector without going as far as full privatization. The gains have been greatest when services have been allocated to private firms through competitive bidding. They have been smallest, and arguably even negative, in cases when the main contribution of the private firm has been to raise finance. That is because governments can usually borrow more cheaply than private firms, so when they ask them to raise money the question that springs to mind is: are they doing this to make their public borrowing look smaller?
Industry:Economy
A firm providing essential services to the public, such as water, electricity and postal services, usually involving elements of natural monopoly. Food is essential, but because it is provided in a competitive market, food supply is not usually regarded as a public utility. Because public utilities have some monopoly power, they are typically subject to some regulation by government, such as price controls and perhaps an obligation to provide their services to everybody, even to those who cannot afford to pay a market price (the universal service obligation). Public utilities are often owned by the state, although this has become less common as a result of privatization.
Industry:Economy
Spending by national and local government and some government-backed institutions. See fiscal policy, golden rule and budget.
Industry:Economy
