- Отрасли: Art history
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In the nineteenth century Realism had a special meaning as an art term. Since the rise of modern art, realism, or realist, or realistic, has come to be primarily a stylistic description, referring to painting or sculpture that continues to represent things in a way that more or less pre-dates Post-Impressionism and the succession of modern styles that followed. It is also true however, that much of the best modern realist art has the edginess of subject matter that was the essential characteristic of nineteenth-century Realism. In the twentieth century, realism saw an upsurge in the 1920s when the shock of the First World War brought a reaction, known as the return to order, to the avant-garde experimentation of the pre-war period. In Germany this led to the Neue Sachlichkeit movement (Otto Dix, Christian Schad) and Magic Realism. In France, Derain, previously a Fauve painter, became a central figure in what was called traditionisme. In the USA there was the phenomenon of Regionalism, and the great realist Edward Hopper. In Britain there was the Euston Road School and the painter Meredith Frampton. The British Kitchen Sink artists could be included, but they used essentially modern styles to paint Realist subjects. Among other major modern realist painters are Balthus, Freud, Hockney (in his portraits), Gwen John, Morandi, Spencer.
Industry:Art history
In the field of art the broad movement in Western art, architecture and design which self-consciously rejected the past as a model for the art of the present. Hence the term modernist or modern art. Modernism gathered pace from about 1850. Modernism proposes new forms of art on the grounds that these are more appropriate to the present time. It is thus characterised by constant innovation. But modern art has often been driven too by various social and political agendas. These were often utopian, and modernism was in general associated with ideal visions of human life and society and a belief in progress. The terms modernism and modern art are generally used to describe the succession of art movements that critics and historians have identified since the Realism of Courbet, culminating in abstract art and its developments up to the 1960s. By that time modernism had become a dominant idea of art, and a particularly narrow theory of modernist painting had been formulated by the highly influential American critic Clement Greenberg. A reaction then took place which was quickly identified as Postmodernism.
Industry:Art history
Monochrome means one colour. For centuries artists used different shades (tones) of brown or black ink to create monochrome pictures on paper. The ink would simply be more or less diluted to achieve the required shades. Shades of grey oil paint were used to create monochrome paintings, a technique known as grisaille, from the French word gris meaning grey. In such work the play of light and dark (chiaroscuro) enabled the artist to define form and create a picture. In the twentieth century, with the rise of abstract art many artists experimented with making monochrome painting. Among the first was Kasimir Malevich who about 1917-18 created a series of white on white paintings (see Suprematism). In Britain, Ben Nicholson created a notable series of white reliefs in the mid 1930s. Monochrome painting became particularly widespread in the second half of the century with the appearance of Colour Field painting and Minimal art. The French artist Yves Klein became so famous for his all-blue paintings that he became known as Yves the monochrome.
Industry:Art history
Essentially a unique variant of a conventional print. An impression is printed from a reprintable block, such as an etched plate or woodblock, but in such a way that only one of its kind exists, for example by incorporating unique hand-colouring or collage. The term can also refer to etchings which are inked and wiped in an expressive, not precisely repeatable manner; to prints made from a variety of printing elements that change from one impression to the next; or to prints that are painted or otherwise reworked by hand either before or after printing.
Industry:Art history
A unique image printed from a polished plate, such as glass, metal, painted with ink but not a permanent printing matrix. A monotype impression is generally unique, though a second, lighter impression from the painted printing element can sometimes be made.
Industry:Art history
L'âge de la Reine Elizabeth I (qui régna de 1558-1603) a vu un épanouissement des arts en Grande-Bretagne pas moins dans les pièces de Shakespeare. Peinture s'épanouit aussi, bien que principalement sous la forme du portrait. La reine elle-même a pris un vif intérêt pour ses portraits, guidant les artistes tels que Hilliard et Gheeraerts dans la création d'images stylisées d'immense élégance, richesse et puissance. Ce style artificiel et décoratif est devenu caractéristique de peinture élisabéthaine en général. Des artistes hautement qualifiés est resté souvent anonymes comme dans The Cholmondeley Ladies.
Industry:Art history
Un processus en creux dans laquelle les lignes incisées sont dessinées sur une plaque avec un sharp, a souligné aciculaires instrument (pas le burin gravure). Pointe sèche se fait généralement sur plaques de cuivre, comme le métal plus mou se prête à cette technique. Le processus de l'incision crée un bord rugueux déchiqueté légèrement relevé aux lignes, appelées de la bavure. La ligne incisée et spécifiquement la bavure recevoir d'encre lorsque la plaque est essuyée, donnant la ligne imprimée une apparence veloutée distinctive. En raison du caractère délicat de la bavure, pointe sèche est habituellement fait en petites éditions, s'arrêtant avant la bavure est écrasée par la pression de la presse taille-douce. Pointe sèche est souvent combiné avec d'autres techniques de gravure.
Industry:Art history
Groupe expressionniste allemand. En anglais, le cavalier bleu. Originaire de 1909 dans la ville de Munich, où la Neue Kunstler Vereiningung, ou nouvelle artiste Association (N. K. V.) a été fondée par un certain nombre d'artistes d'avant-garde. La plus importante d'entre elles ont été la russe né Wassily Kandinsky et l'allemand, Franz Marc. En 1911, Kandinsky et Marc a rompu avec le reste de la N. K. V. Et en décembre, cette année a lieu à Munich la première exposition de Der Blaue Reiter. Il s'agissait d'une association informelle et non un groupe cohérent comme Brücke. Autres artistes étroitement impliqués étaient Paul Klee et August Macke. En 1912, Marc et Kandinsky publie un recueil d'essais sur l'art avec une couverture de la gravure sur bois par Kandinsky. Il s'agissait de l'Almanach Der Blaue Reiter. Pourquoi le nom a été choisi n'est pas entièrement clair. Franz Marc adorait les chevaux et ses nombreuses peintures d'eux et d'autres animaux est symptomatique de la giration, retour à la nature (un aspect de primitivisme) de nombreux artistes modernes au début. Kandinsky apparemment avait toujours été fasciné par les cavaliers à cheval (les chevaux sont des symboles du pouvoir, de liberté et de plaisir). Un Kandinsky peinture en 1903 s'appelle réellement le cavalier bleu. Bleue est une couleur qui a semblé souvent d'une importance particulière aux artistes et Kandinsky et Marc, dont la couleur préférée c'était le cas, il semble avoir eu une signification mystique. Der Blaue Reiter a été mis fin par la première guerre mondiale dans laquelle les deux Macke et Marc ont été tués.
Industry:Art history
This term came into use about 1980 to describe the international phenomenon of a major revival of painting in an Expressionist manner. It was seen as a reaction to the Minimalism and Conceptual art that had dominated the 1970s. In the USA leading figures were Philip Guston and Julian Schnabel, and in Britain Christopher Le Brun and Paula Rego. There was a major development of Neo-Expressionism in Germany, as might be expected with its Expressionist heritage, but also in Italy. In Germany the Neo-Expressionists became known as Neue Wilden (i. E. New Fauves). In Italy, Neo-Expressionist painting appeared under the banner of Transavanguardia (beyond the avant-garde). In France a group called Figuration Libre was formed in 1981 by Robert Combas, Remi Blanchard, Francois Boisrond and Herve de Rosa.
Industry:Art history
