- Отрасли: Oil & gas
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A mineral containing ferrous sulfide, FeS, that typically contains inclusions of free sulfur and other minerals. It is commonly present in shales, and may occur as a trace mineral in some barite ores. Pyrrhotite can liberate sulfides in alkaline muds, with adverse consequences for safety and corrosion. <br><br>Reference:<br>Binder GG, Carlton LA and Garrett RL: "Evaluating Barite as a Source of Soluble Carbonate and Sulfide Contamination in Drilling Fluids," Journal of Petroleum Technology 33, no. 12 (December 1981): 2371-2376.
Industry:Oil & gas
A mineral composed of ferrous carbonate, FeCO<sub>3</sub>, and having 3. 8 g/cm<sup>3</sup> specific gravity. It is found as an accessory mineral in some shales and carbonate rocks and also in some barite and hematite ores. FeCO<sub>3</sub> is readily soluble in acids and breaks down slowly in alkaline muds, particularly at high temperature to form a gelatinous solid, Fe(OH)<sub>2</sub>, and soluble CO<sub>3</sub><sup>-2</sup> anions. <br>Reference:<br>Binder GG, Carlton LA and Garrett RL: "Evaluating Barite as a Source of Soluble Carbonate and Sulfide Contamination in Drilling Fluids," Journal of Petroleum Technology 33, no. 12 (December 1981): 2371-2376.
Industry:Oil & gas
A method of making hole that relies on continuous circular motion of the bit to break rock at the bottom of the hole. This method, made popular after the discovery of the East Texas Field by "Dad" Joiner in 1930, is much more efficient than the alternative, cable tool drilling. Rotary drilling is a nearly continuous process, because cuttings are removed as drilling fluids circulate through the bit and up the wellbore to the surface. Cable tool operations are discontinuous and cuttings removal is inefficient. This difference in efficiency becomes particularly significant as hole depth increases.
Industry:Oil & gas
Метод бурения, whereby влияние инструмента или бит, приостановлено в колодец, из стального троса, неоднократно падает на нижней части отверстие для подавления рок. Инструмент оснащен обычно своего рода черенки корзины в ловушку черенки вдоль стороны инструмента. После нескольких ударов в нижней части отверстие кабель наматывается и опустели корзины черенки, или ковш используется для удаления шлама из скважины. Этот инструмент является наматывается обратно в нижней части отверстие и процесс повторяется. Из-за все время, необходимое для извлечения и развернуть бит как углубить колодец кабель инструмент метода ограничивается небольшими глубинами. Хотя во многом устаревших, кабель инструмент операции по-прежнему используются для отверстия для размещения взрывного заряда (таких как приобретение поверхностных сейсмических данных) и водных скважин.
Industry:Oil & gas
The compound with the formula CO<sub>2</sub>. An odorless gas, carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) is widely distributed in nature and is a minor component of air. It is highly soluble in water and oil, especially under pressure. In water, it occurs as carbonic acid, a weak acid that can donate one or two hydrogen ions in neutralization reactions that produce bicarbonate (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>) and carbonate (CO<sub>3</sub><sup>-2</sup>) salts or ions. CO<sub>2</sub>, being an acid in water, reacts instantly with NaOH or KOH in an alkaline water mud, forming carbonate and bicarbonate ions. Similarly, it reacts with Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> (lime) to form insoluble calcium carbonate and water.
Industry:Oil & gas
Глинистого минерала с длинные, стройные, игольчатой структурой, похож на attapulgite. Она содержит смесь волокнистых и аморфных материалов глины как. Спецификации API и ISO существуют сепиолита, используемых в буровых растворов.
Industry:Oil & gas
Аналогичные по структуре бентонита, но с более отрицательными зарядами на его поверхности глинистого минерала. Органофильным hectorite, сделанные мокрый процесс, является премиум производительность добавка для использования в нефтяной основе бурового раствора.
Industry:Oil & gas
A class of water-base drilling fluid that utilize dissolved Ca<sup>+2</sup> as a component. Examples are lime mud, gyp mud and calcium chloride (CaCl<sub>2</sub>) mud. The latter is rarely used, but is based on solutions of CaCl<sub>2</sub> that, in high concentration, can impart density up to 11. 6 lbm/gal (1. 39 g/cm<sup>3</sup>) and has been touted as providing shale inhibition.
Industry:Oil & gas
A class of salts made from neutralization of formic acid with a metal hydroxide or oxide. Three alkali-metal formates are used in drilling, drill-in and completion fluids, (1) sodium formate, HCOO<sup>-</sup>Na<sup>+</sup>, (2) potassium formate, HCOO<sup>-</sup>K<sup>+</sup> and (3) cesium formate, HCOO<sup>-</sup>Cs<sup>+</sup>. Clear solutions of each can reach densities of 1. 32, 1. 58 and 2. 4 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, respectively. They are near neutral pH and meet HSE standards. Most formates can be mixed together over broad ranges of concentration or temperature without solubility or crystallization problems.
Industry:Oil & gas
A class of polymers constructed with the monomer ethylene, H<sub>2</sub>C=CH<sub>2</sub>, with hydrogen replaced by various chemical groups. Among the many vinyl-based polymers and copolymers are acrylates, methacrylates, acrylamides, acrylate-acrylamide (PHPA), vinyl acetate and the various oligomers of ethylene, polyalphaolefins, linear alphaolefins and isomerized olefins. The prefix "vinyl" is more correctly "ethenyl" and sometimes "vinylene. " "Polyvinyl" is synonymous with vinyl polymers, but not specific to an exact polymer. For example, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl sulfide are commonly used polymers based on ethylene monomers.
Industry:Oil & gas
