- Отрасли: Oil & gas
- Number of terms: 8814
- Number of blossaries: 0
- Company Profile:
An aromatic hydrocarbon molecule containing a benzene ring with two methyl side chains, formula C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>. Xylene is an excellent solvent, especially for aromatic solids such as asphaltic materials. It is used as a solvent and emulsion breaker in workover operations to clean up reservoirs. In drilling mud testing, a 50/50 xylene/isopropanol (IPA) mixture had been used to break oil-mud emulsions prior to titrations to measure alkalinity, chloride and calcium. However, the xylene mixture has been replaced by a single material, propylene glycol normal propyl ether (PNP), to break oil mud emulsions.
Industry:Oil & gas
An aqueous solution of sodium, calcium or zinc bromide salt or mixtures of these salts. These dense aqueous solutions are used for well completion and workover purposes.
Industry:Oil & gas
An additive used in preparation of foam used as a drilling fluid. Drilling foam is water containing air or gas bubbles, much like shaving foam, and it must withstand high salinity, hard water, solids, entrained oil and high temperature. Foaming agents are usually nonionic surfactants and contain polymeric materials.
Industry:Oil & gas
An additive that kills bacteria. Bactericides are commonly used in water muds containing natural starches and gums that are especially vulnerable to bacterial attack. Bactericide choices are limited and care must be taken to find those that are effective yet approved by governments and by company policy. <br><br>Bactericides, also called biocides, can be used to control sulfate-reducing bacteria, slime-forming bacteria, iron-oxidizing bacteria and bacteria that attacks polymers in fracture and secondary recovery fluids. In polymers, the degradation of the fluid is controlled, thus avoiding the formation of a large biomass, which could plug the formation and reduce permeability.
Industry:Oil & gas
An additive for oil- and synthetic-base muds that provides high viscosity at low shear rates, which is useful when drilling high-angle and horizontal wells and can be critical for cuttings carrying and to prevent sag and settling of weighting material. Products used include dimeric and trimeric fatty acids, imidazolines, amides and synthetic polymers.
Industry:Oil & gas
A volume of 350 cm<sup>3</sup>. In mud laboratory experiments, 350 cm<sup>3</sup> is the volume chosen to represent 42 US gallons (1 oilfield barrel) (6. 6 m<sup>3</sup>), so that 1. 0 gram mass represents 1. 0 lbm. This is a convenient concept for mud technicians to use when mixing or pilot-testing mud samples. For example, in preparing a mud formulation or for pilot-testing purposes, adding 1. 0 grams to 350 cm<sup>3</sup> of fluid is the experimental equivalent of adding 1. 0 lb to 42 gallons (1. 0 bbl) of fluid.
Industry:Oil & gas
A very weak base, ZnO, which can be used as a sulfide scavenger in oil-base or synthetic-base muds.
Industry:Oil & gas
A unit of measurement for viscosity equivalent to one-hundredth of a poise and symbolized by cp. Viscosity is the ratio of shear stress to shear rate, giving the traditional unit of dyne-sec/cm<sup>2</sup> for Poise. In metric (SI) units, one cp is one millipascal-second.
Industry:Oil & gas
A valve in the drillstring that may be used to prevent the well from flowing uncontrollably up the drillstring.
Industry:Oil & gas
A unit of measurement for pressure in the International System of Units (SI), symbolized by kPa. The conversion factor from lb/in<sup>2</sup> to kPa is 6. 9 kPa per lbf/in<sup>2</sup> (psi). For example, 5000 psi = 34,500 kPa.
Industry:Oil & gas
